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1.沁水盆地南部煤层气开发示范工程潘河先导性试验项目的进展和启示
2.新加坡FAIR PRICE 超市的简单介绍
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4.飞行员英文读音
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6.“工程”这个单词的英文怎么翻译？
沁水盆地南部煤层气开发示范工程潘河先导性试验项目的进展和启示
叶建平 吴建光（中联煤层气有限责任公司 北京 100011）
作者简介：叶建平，男，1962年生，浙江宁海人，博士，教授级高级工程师。长期从事煤田地质与勘探、煤层气勘探开发生产和科研工作。现在中联煤层气有限责任公司，地址：北京市安外大街甲88号，邮编：100011，E-mail：yejp01@163.com。
摘要 潘河项目是国家发展改革委员会正式批准设立的国家级煤层气开发示范工程。先期仅用了一年时间，完成了100口井的钻井和完井、40口井的压裂，完成了地面集输工程建设，并投入商业化生产。地面集输工程包括：单井井场工艺流程和4套阀组；集气站一座，日增压处理80000m3；供气站一座，日压缩80000m3；燃气发电站一座，日发电2175kW，输气管线总计约41km。自动传输系统和远程监控系统一套，以及相应的配套工程。初期排采生产结果显示，单井产气量高，单井套压高，产水量低。单井平均产气量达到2000m3/d，单井最高产量7434m3/d，产水量平均7m3/d。本区具有良好的煤层气生产能力。
潘河项目在地质和储层研究、工程部署、井网优化、钻井完井技术、增产改造技术、排采技术、煤层气田集输技术等各方面取得了丰硕成果。采用的空气钻井技术、氮气泡沫压裂技术、煤层气田集输技术、数据自动采集系统等属于国内领先的技术，多项技术成果具有高度的创新性，成为潘河项目建设过程中耀眼的光辉。它将科学研究和工程项目密切结合，成为科研与生产相结合的典范。潘河项目的成功建设和投产，使公司从煤层气勘探阶段步入开发阶段，也成为我国煤层气产业发展的一个标志性的里程碑。
关键词 煤层气 勘探开发 沁水盆地 潘河项目
Progress and Inspiration of Panhe Pilot Project of CBM Demonstration Engineering in South Qinshui Basin
Ye Jianping Wu Jianguang
（China United Coalbed Methane Corp.，Ltd.，Beijing 100011）
Abstract：Panhe pilot project is a State-level CBM demonstration engineering formally approved by National Development and Reform Commission.In the first phase，it only took one year to finish drilling and completion of 100 CBM wells，fracturing operations of 40 wells as well as construction of surface gathering engineering and to realize commercial production and gas sale.The surface gathering engineering includes gas flow system of single well，four sets of valve group，one gas gathering station with feeding capacity of 80000 cubic meters，one gas supply station with compression capacity of 80000 cubic meters，gas power station with daily output of 2175 kilowatt，CBM pipeline totaling 41 kilometers long，a set of automatic data transmission system and long-distance supervision and controlling system and other corresponding units.The production data from Panhe gas field shows that the CBM production of single well is high with high annulus pressure and low water production.At present time，the daily average CBMand water production of single well is respectively about 2000 and 7 cubic meters and peak CBMproduction reached 7434 cubic meters per day，which already suggested a promising CBMdevelopment potential in this area.
Panhe pilot project has obtained rich achievements in research of CBM geology and reservoir，engineering programming，optimization of well pattern，technology of drilling and completion，stimulation and production technologies，gathering and transportation technologies of CBM field，etc.，especially，air-drilling technology，stimulation technology of nitrogen foam，gathering technology of CBMfield and automatic data sampling technology are in the leading position in China due to the high creativity，which has formed the shining points of Panhe pilot project construction.Panhe pilot project will become a model of combining scientific research with production practice resulting from the combination of research work with engineering construction.The successful construction and start of commercial production of Panhe project will bring CBMexploration of CUCBMinto development stage and become a symbolic milestone in the history of development of China's CBM industry.
Keywords：CBM；exploration and development；Qinshui Basin；Panhe project；Demonstration project
前言
沁水盆地南部是我国迄今为止发现的最好的煤层气田。1997年，中联煤层气有限责任公司部署了本区第一批勘探钻井，第一口探井——TL-003井在1998年投入排采，获得7000m3/d单井产量，取得了我国煤层气勘探的突破。之后在其周围部署F Z 井组，到2002年形成15口井的生产试验井组，实现商业试生产。同时在沁南煤层气田获得432×108m3煤层气探明地质储量，为煤层气商业开发奠定了良好的基础。
2004年3月12日，公司领导换届后，新一届领导班子提出了明确的目标，要尽快实现煤层气商业化生产，确定在山西潘庄区块和陕西韩城区块部署煤层气先导性试验井组。同时，向国家发展和改革委员会申请设立“沁南煤层气开发利用高技术产业化示范工程”。国家发展改革委员会在2004年12月22日以发改办高技[2004]2395号文件正式批准设立该国家级煤层气开发示范工程。该示范项目计划分三期进行，第一期部署150 井，到2006年建成1×108m3年产能；第二期，再部署400口，达到4×108m3年生产能力；第三期再部署350口，累计达到900口井。三期完成后年生产能力达到7×108m3，从而初步建成沁水盆地煤层气生产基地。
《沁南煤层气开发利用高技术产业化示范工程——潘河先导性试验项目》（以下简称潘河项目）的目的是通过煤层气先导性井网的开发试验，确定该地区的煤层气产能，为煤层气规模开发提供可靠的技术和经济依据，实现煤层气商业开发。
第一期工程分三个阶段完成，第一阶段部署施工40口井钻井、压裂工程，进入排采，同时完成地面建设工程。第二阶段部署施工60口井，第三阶段钻井50口，压裂110口。
潘河项目第一期第一阶段从2004年11月8日正式开始钻井，到2005年7月，完成了100口井的钻井任务。到2005年10月底，完成了先期40口井的压裂工程，进入排采，同时完成地面建设工程。2005年11月1日第一阶段工程正式竣工投产，公司在潘河现场举行竣工剪彩仪式，宣布潘河先导性试验项目进入商业化试生产阶段，也标志着中国煤层气产业进入到一个新的发展阶段。
本文主要对潘河项目第一期第一阶段40口井的工程进行简要的技术总结，包括地质和储层特征、井网部署、钻井、压裂技术、排采生产、地面建设工程，交流经验，以飨读者。
1 地质和储层特征
潘河项目位于沁水盆地南部潘庄区块。本区地质构造简单，地层平缓，倾角5°～15°。次级背向斜发育，呈近南北向展布。区内发育郑庄背斜、潘河向斜、柿沟背斜。发现一条小断层，位于桐树庄南。
3煤是本项目的目的层。该煤层埋藏深度浅，266～544m，平均400m。厚度5.20～7.21m，平均6.20m。含夹矸1层，厚度0.40～1.20m。下距15煤84～88m。
3煤煤变质程度高，含气量高，气体质量好。3 煤属无烟煤，镜质组最大反射率3.59%～3.70%。含气量4.34～25.88m3/t，daf，平均12m3/t，daf。PH1-009 井测得3煤含气量23.43m3/t，daf，甲烷浓度98.0%，少量CO2、N2，分别为0.38%、1.62%。
3煤渗透率0.20～2.00mD，储层压力1.97MPa，储层压力梯度7.8kPa/m。储层温度18.8℃（250.8～257.2m）。
分析表明，本区在向斜部位煤层含气量相对较高，是煤层气相对富集区。含气量是控制本区单井产量的一个重要因素。生产产量统计结果，向斜部位单井产量相对较高。
2 井网部署和优化
利用数值模拟手段，进行了井网优化，结合枣园井组生产经验，本次采用五点式井网，按照300m×300m 井距进行部署，单井控制面积较小。实际井网方位确定为N60°E方向和N30°W，沿此方向进行布线、布井。
布井原则：主要从含气性、资源条件、地质条件，结合地形地貌特点，作为选区要素，选择含气量高、资源丰度高、勘探（控制）程度高、地形比较开阔平缓、适宜修路的地区和地点。
3 新技术的应用
3.1 完井
潘河项目煤层气井全部为垂直井井型。井身结构：一开井径 φ311.15mm，下φ244.5mm表层套管。二开井径φ215.9mm，下φ139.7mm技术套管。
目标煤层一层，即3煤。
3.2 钻井技术
潘河项目首次大规模采用空气钻井技术。空气钻井具有钻井效率高、成本低、对煤层污染小的优点，克服了丘陵地区设备搬迁困难等问题。
同时，还采用常规泥浆钻机施工。在煤层段清水钻进，保护储层。
3.3 增产改造技术
本项目主要采用水力携砂压裂技术进行煤储层的改造，同时，适时地将国家“十五”科技攻关成果“氮气泡沫压裂技术”进行工业试验，并在本项目获得成功，开创了煤层气增产改造新的高效的技术。
选择PH1、PH1-006两口井做试验井。目的是探索适宜的增产改造技术，改善地层的渗流条件，提高单井产能。在此之前，进行泡沫压裂夜配伍性研究，选用无固相伤害的表面活性剂压裂液体系，应用三维压裂设计软件进行裂缝计算与施工模拟，优选施工参数。
氮气泡沫压裂具有压裂液粘度高，携砂能力强，可有效降低压裂液在多裂缝发育的煤层中的滤失性，控制裂缝形态的发育；用液量少，对煤层污染较小，压裂后返排速度快，产气速度快。泡沫压裂井在排采1～2d即产气。试验结果，在地质情况基本相同的条件下，通过对周围井的产量对比分析发现，PH1、PH1-006两口氮气泡沫压裂井比活性水加砂压裂井平均日产气量提高3倍以上，气量稳定在较高水平上，增产效果非常显著。2口氮气泡沫压裂井平均日产气量2721m3。因此氮气泡沫压裂井产量明显好于常规压裂井。
3.4 探索适合本区储层和产层条件的煤层气排采技术
针对无烟煤储层和产层的特点，探索了一套适宜的煤层气井排采技术。在泵型选择、泵挂结构设计、地面单井流程方面提出一套工艺流程。制定合理的排采制度，处理好液面、套压、产量关系，控制一定的井底压力，保持合理的压差，控制煤粉流出和堵塞，控制压裂砂回吐。
3.5 煤层气田自动数据采集系统首次在煤层气生产管理中得到建设和应用
其功能包括：接收、显示并存储产气信号，监控生产情况；接收设备运行信号，监控设备运行状况；对供气站、集气站和各阀组实行远程监控。
通过自动控制系统和远程监控系统，实现各种生产数据、主要设备运行状况完整传输至控制中心，实现各种数据在电视墙的实时显示和自动保存，能够实现通过网络上传至公司，能够实现站场无入值守，能够实现紧急状况下控制中心的快速反应和及时处理。
4 煤层气田地面集输工程
煤层气田地面集输系统建设填补了我国在煤层气产业的空白。
主体工程包括：单井井场工艺流程和4套阀组；集气站一座，日增压处理80000m3；供气站一座，日压缩 80000m3；燃气发电站一座，日发电 2175 kW，输气管线总计约41km。
配套工程：10 kV送电线路6.5km和380 V 送电电缆约50km，信号传输光缆43.1km，自动传输系统和远程监控系统一套，彩钢房11栋（32间）及护坡和水工保护等。
5 商业化生产销售
到2005年年底，潘河项目共完成100口生产井的钻井，对其中40口井进行了压裂，有38口井进入排采。
排采生产结果显示，单井产气量较高，单井套压较高，产水量较低。排采井中，单井套压大部分在0.8～1.2MPa，单井平均产气量达到2000m3/d。单井最高产量7434m3/d。产水量平均7m3/d。从2005年7月陆续开始排采，到2006年5月底，累计产气1160×104m3。初期排采显示，本区具有良好的煤层气产能。
2006年，将继续完成50口井的钻探，以及60口井的压裂、排采工作。届时将达到1×108m3年产能。
6 结语
潘河先导性试验项目仅用了一年时间，完成了100口井的钻井、完井、40口井的压裂，完成了地面集输工程建设，开始商业化生产。同时在地质和储层分析研究、工程部署、井网优化、钻井完井技术、增产改造技术、排采技术、煤层气田集输技术等各方面取得了丰硕成果，在空气钻井、氮气泡沫压裂技术、煤层气田集输技术、数据自动采集系统等方面的技术是国内领先的技术，多项技术成果具有高度的创新性，成为潘河示范项目的建设过程中耀眼的光辉。它将科学研究和工程项目密切结合，成为科研与生产相结合的典范。
潘河示范工程项目的建设和成功的投产，使公司从煤层气勘探阶段步入煤层气开发阶段，也是我国煤层气产业发展的一个标志性里程碑，意义十分巨大。正是潘河示范工程的建设和生产的成果，激励并坚定了广大领导和工程技术人员对煤层气开发的信心和决心，推动和促进了我国煤层气开发产业化进程。
通过潘河先导性试验项目，在煤层气开发部署、开发工程技术、地面集输技术、排采生产技术、销售和项目管理等方面，取得了显著的成果，达到了国家示范工程的目的，为我国煤层气开发提供了良好的示范作用。同时，也为我国煤层气产业的发展起到了带动作用。
潘河先导性试验项目第一期第一阶段的上马、建设和顺利完成，凝聚了公司新一届领导的魄力和心血、凝聚了公司各个部门的通力协作和支持。同时，广大协作单位的领导、技术人员、作业施工人员也为本项目的建设和完成做出了不可磨灭的贡献。正是由于公司上下的高度团结、鼎力支持，以及施工单位的通力合作，成就了潘河先导性试验项目。
参考文献
[1]中国石油天然气集团公司钻井承包商协会编.2004.钻井承包商协会论文集[2004].北京：石油工业出版杜
[2]The University of Alabama.2001.The 2001 International Coalbed Methane Symposiam
新加坡FAIR PRICE 超市的简单介绍
twentieth
英['twent?θ] 美[?tw?nti?θ, ?tw?n-]
n. 二十分之一;（某月的）二十日
adj. 第二十的;二十分之一的
num. 第二十
[例句]It is only a pilot project , less than a twentieth of the size of most modern coal-fired plants.
这个项目还只是一个试点项目，其规模还不到大部分现代化燃煤电厂的二十分之一。
中文翻译成英文，内容相关农村信息化，请求帮忙
NTUC FairPrice Co-Operative (Chinese: 新加坡职工总会平价合作社) is a supermarket chain based in Singapore and the largest in the country. The company is a co-operative of the National Trades Union Congress or NTUC. The group has 100 supermarkets across the island, with over 50 outlets of Cheers convenience stores island-wide. NTUC FairPrice has partnered with ExxonMobil to run several stations with a FairPrice branding at the minimarts at their stations. The supermarket has a slogan known as Singapore's very own. The head of the company is Ng Ser Miang.
History
An Esso petrol station run by NTUC FairPrice. It is operated by the company with a FairPrice Xpress store, the station was the first to be converted to the new format.
An Esso petrol station run by NTUC FairPrice. It is operated by the company with a FairPrice Xpress store, the station was the first to be converted to the new format.
NTUC FairPrice was first established in 1973 as NTUC Welcome Supermarket in Toa Payoh, in order to solve the rising oil and daily prices then due to inflation. The then prime minister Lee Kuan Yew opened the first supermarket at Toa Payoh. Around the same time, other unions such as the Singapore Industrial Labour Organisation and Pioneer Industries Employees Union also set up co-operatives to run supermarkets. The two organisations later merged in the early 1980s to form the Singapore Employees Co-operative (SEC).
In May 1983, due to competition, NTUC Welcome and SEC merged to form a larger co-operative which was known as NTUC FairPrice Co-Operative Limited.
The company started a central-distribution system to change the way goods were delivered to stores, to enhance efficiency. This was owned by another company, but in 1998, FairPrice took full ownership of the warehouse and distribution company. It was renamed Grocery Logistics of Singapore (GLS). In 2003, FairPrice opened a new 13,000-square-metre Fresh Food Distribution Centre. The refrigerated-distribution facility centralises the distributions of fresh and chilled products to all the outlets in the chain. It is the first supermarket retailer in Singapore to build, own and operate its own fresh-food distribution centre.
That same year, FairPrice tied up with oil company ExxonMobil to open FairPrice Express and Cheers convenience outlets at seven Esso and Mobil stations as a pilot project. The station will be run by NTUC FairPrice Co-operative, which sets the fuel prices and run the station's minimart. ExxonMobil will supply the fuel, and will sell its oil products inside the FairPrice-run stations. If this pilot project proves successful, all stations will be converted to either FairPrice Express or Cheers with the co-operative taking over the management of each station. ExxonMobil also announced that all the stations will be renamed "Esso" by year-end. [1]
FairPrice's largest branch in Singapore, the FairPrice Xtra hypermarket, at Ang Mo Kio Hub.
FairPrice's largest branch in Singapore, the FairPrice Xtra hypermarket, at Ang Mo Kio Hub.
On December 28, 2006, FairPrice opened its largest branch in Singapore, the 7,150-square metre (77,000 square feet) FairPrice Xtra hypermarket, at Ang Mo Kio Hub. The new S$12 million outlet offers a wider range of goods than the typical FairPrice supermarket, and includes new lines like electronic products and fashion wear.[2]
In August 2007, FairPrice opened its upmarket outlet at Bukit Timah Plaza named FairPrice Finest, after five months of refurbishment. The move was to cater to the changing tastes of Singaporeans who are increasingly well-travelled. The 4,000 m? (43,100 ft?), two-storey outlet has an offering of products different from other FairPrice stores, and also features a Swiss-style delicatessen, a wine cellar and a European bakery. FairPrice has plans to open more Finest outlets.[3]
[edit] Regional expansion
FairPrice has ventured into the People's Republic of China to open supermarkets in various parts. It will be a joint venture with DBS Private Equity, New Hope Group, Silver Tie and Taiwan's Apex Group. The venture will be known as Nextmall, and will provide merchandising, management and logistics for a fee to Nextmart which is a China incorporated hypermarket. It has opened seven hypermarkets in China, with its first in Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
Concepts
In recent years, NTUC FairPrice has launched numerous in-store and individual-outlet concepts.
[edit] Individual outlets
* Liberty Market — Started out in 1998 as an American-themed supermarket, it sells products from the United States. It opened its first supermarket at Jurong Point and later at Plaza Singapura. Both have closed and the latter has moved to a smaller location at Orchard Grand Court, located at Killiney Road.
* Cheers by FairPrice — This convenience store run by NTUC FairPrice was introduced in 1999. It offers 24 hour shopping convenience, and similar facilities to rival 7-Eleven. Cheers can also be found at selected ExxonMobil stations around the island, in which NTUC FairPrice co-operative runs the station, instead of ExxonMobil itself.
* FairPrice Express — A concept which can be found only at ExxonMobil stations, it is larger than Cheers and sells things like fresh produce, meat and seafood. It also sells more products meeting daily needs than a Cheers convenience store.
* FairPrice Homemart — This is a separate store selling non-food items, which include videos, electronics, furniture and household equipment.
* FairPrice Finest — This is a separate store offering up-market food supplies. It was officially opened in September 2007.
[edit] In-store concepts
* Australian Pavilion — A section in selected NTUC FairPrice supermarkets selling products from Australia. The format was introduced in 2000 at the Bukit Timah Plaza outlet.
* Thai Street — Selling food products from Thailand, such as Thai cuisine. Also introduced in 2000 at Rochor Centre.
* Peranakan Corner — A corner selling Peranakan foodstuff which is found only in the Marine Parade NTUC FairPrice outlet.
* Liberty Market — A section in selected NTUC FairPrice supermarkets selling American food products.
* Korean Section — A corner selling Korean food products at selected supermarkets.
[edit] Membership programmes
Every year, FairPrice offers NTUC Union Members (NTUC Cardholders) and FairPrice shareholders dividends, along with cash-back rebates for all purchases made at FairPrice supermarkets island-wide, including FairPrice Xtra, FairPrice Homemart, FairPrice Finest and FairPrice Express - excluding Cheers outlets. Such payout rates are subject to approval at Annual General Meetings (typically in the month of August). In 2007, FairPrice declared rebates amounting to 4% of purchases of up to S$6,000 made in the last financial year, as well as a dividend of 5% and special dividend of 3%. [4]
NTUC Cardholders, max Cardholders and PAssion Cardholders are entitled to 2 LinkPoints for every S$1 spent (for a minimum spending of S$20 in receipts issued on the same day) under the LinkPoints programme by NTUC Link.
In collaboration with OCBC Bank, FairPrice launched its FairPrice Plus membership programme in April 2007, offering banking solutions and promotions at all FairPrice supermarkets islandwide for all supermarket customers. [5] For a minimum transaction of S$30, VISA payment is now accepted at all FairPrice supermarkets for the FairPrice Plus Card and the NTUC-OCBC Visa Card (soon to be rebranded as the NTUC Plus Card) for NTUC Union Members.
飞行员英文读音
Project Description
The new agricultural project is to promote the process of information construction in rural areas of Hunan, a government project, by the Hunan Provincial Development and Reform Commission project (project Ref: Hunan High-Tech Development and Reform Commission [2007] No. 889), in 2008 by the Hunan Provincial Development and Reform The Committee finds that the first new comprehensive agricultural information service system pilot project (pilot symbol: Hunan High-Tech Development and Reform Commission [2008] No. 770), and in 2009 the building of the Office of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Development and Reform Commission jointly identified as Hunan Province, key construction project of new construction projects in rural areas, one (the key construction project approval Ref: Xiang Jian [2009] No. 47), from Hunan Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd. The new province-wide organization, preparation, construction and implementation.
The new project is a change in the rural agricultural landscape, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, power in the contemporary, will benefit future generations of the popular project is the construction of new socialist countryside in Hunan key projects, one. Based on the "new countryside construction of information and train new farmers and the modern, prosperous new economy in rural areas has brought a new face in rural areas" as the mission to "Information Services three rural issues" for the purpose to establish a comprehensive information service network in rural areas in Hunan platform, to promote a Hunan Rural accelerate the realization of network, information, promotion of Hunan from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, agricultural transformation, promotion of Hunan peasant farmers shift to a modern novel.
The new agricultural project from "rural network", the "new agricultural e home", "training" and other construction projects, who constitute a platform from the network to the information terminal network, the service chain of physical network, and then to the training of information professionals rural information-based Integrated Service Project.
P1 engineering background
From 2005 to 2008, the Central Document No. stressed the fourth consecutive year to promote information technology in rural areas, the Central Document No. 2009 is proposed "to encourage qualified local transformation of construction of rural multi-service centers", the use of information technology in building a more Good to promote peasant incomes.
All roads lead to the rural information network construction in Hunan Province divorced from horizontal division, did not form a comprehensive service system as a whole, there is no one with authority to coordinate central and local agriculture-related sites leading website
Because information is relatively isolated, HU Nan's rural economy can not be effectively integrated into the national market, information sources and information transfer, "last mile" problem become an obstacle to new rural construction bottleneck.
To promote information technology in rural areas in Hunan is not only the development of modern agriculture, an important measure to promote the farmers income, but also develop new farmers, promote the development of agricultural industrialization realistic choice.
Document No. 2008
Actively promote information technology in rural areas. In accordance with effective demand, heavy service, wide coverage, multi-mode requirements, integration of resources and build a platform to improve the rural information service system. Promote "McKinnon", "three-in-one" model of rural information and rural business information services, construction, information services and actively explore ways and means of villages and peasant households. Across the country to promote public welfare services to the agricultural tariff concessions phone. Improve the collection and dissemination of agricultural information system for farmers and enterprises to provide timely and effective information services.
中文：
小工程背景
从2005年到2008年，中央一号文件强调，连续第四年以促进农村地区的信息技术，2009年中央一号文件提出“鼓励有条件的地方转变农村兴建多层服务中心”，它的使用信息技术在建立一个更加良好，促进农民收入。 条条道路通农村信息网络建设湖南省从横向部门脱节，没有形成一个整体的综合服务体系，是没有权力来协调中央和地方农业相关网站的领先网站之一 由于信息相对闭塞，胡南农村经济不能有效地融入国内市场，信息来源和信息传输“最后一公里”问题成为新农村建设的瓶颈障碍。 为了促进湖南农村信息化不仅是现代农业的重要举措，促进农民增收，而且还开发新农民，促进农业产业化发展的发展现实的选择。 2008号文件 积极推进农村信息化。在有效需求的规定，重服务，广覆盖，多模式的要求，整合资源，建立一个平台，完善农村信息服务体系。推进“金农”，“三一体”模式的农村信息和农村商业信息服务，建筑，信息服务，积极探索途径和村庄和农户的手段。全国为促进社会公益服务电话农产品关税减让。更好地收集和向农民和企业推广农业信息系统提供及时，有效的信息服务。英语Let alone a pilot怎么翻译？
飞行员——pilot的读音：英 [?pa?l?t]、美 [?pa?l?t]；aviator：英 [?e?vie?t?(r)]、美 [?evi?et?, ?vi-]?一、pilot
n.飞行员;引航员;向导;[机械学]导向器（或轴）
vt.试点;试验;驾驶;为（船舶）引航（或操舵）
adj.试验性的;导向的;驾驶员的;辅助的
1、The pilot taxied the plane to the end of the runway.?
飞行员将飞机滑行到了跑道尽头。
2、The pilot told the control tower that he'd run into technical trouble.?
飞行员报告机场控制塔他遇到了技术问题。
二、aviator
英 [?e?vie?t?(r)] 美 [?evi?et?, ?vi-]?
n.<旧>飞机驾驶员，飞行员
He?is?a?daring?aviator.?
他是一个勇敢的飞行家。
扩展资料
相关词：
一、flight
英 [fla?t] 美 [fla?t]?
n.航班;飞翔;（物体的）飞行;楼梯的一段
vi.成群地迁徙或飞行
vt.射击;使惊飞
We met on a flight from London to Paris.
我们在从伦敦到巴黎的飞行途中相遇。
二、aviate
英 ['e?v?e?t] 美 ['e?v?e?t]?
vi.驾驶飞机，乘坐飞机
vt.驾驶（飞机）
The main task of this project is to design a bus adapter, which will be one part of the aviation electron system, to connect the embedded aviate route controller to the aviation electron bus.?
该项目的主要任务是通过设计一总线适配器将嵌入式航路控制器接入航电总线，使之成为航空电子系统的一部分。
“工程”这个单词的英文怎么翻译？
Let alone a pilot可以翻译为“更不用说飞行员了。”重点单词：alone：英?[?l?n]?美?[?lo?n]?
adj. 独自的；单独的；孤独的，无依无靠的；唯一的
adv. 独自，单独；独力，单干（地）；单，只；仅仅……就
相关短语：
I live alone?我独自生活 ; 我一个人住 ; 人生活 ; 我单独一人生活
You Are Not Alone?你不孤独 ; 你并不孤单 ; 你并不孤独 ; 永远相伴
Alone in the World?孤独于世 ; 孤独的世界?
双语例句：
He?lived?alone,?breeding?horses?and?dogs.?
他独自生活,养殖马和狗。
They?were convicted?on?forensic?evidence?alone.?
他们被仅凭法庭科学证据定了罪。
If?a?woman makes?a?decision to?have?a child?alone,?she?should?bear?that?responsibility?alone.?
如果一名女子决定独自养育小孩，她就必须独自承担这一责任。
多种方法,看你用在什么地方:
1..
engineering
[7endVi5niEriN]
n.
工程(学)
engineering
en.gi.neer.ing
AHD:[?n”j…-n?r“?ng]
D.J.[7end9*6n!*r!0]
K.K.[7Wnd9*6n!r!0]
n.Abbr. e.,E.,eng.（名词）缩写 e.,E.,eng.
The application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes, and systems.
工程学：将科学及数学原理运用于实际用途的应用手段，如设计、制造及对高效经济构造、机器、进程及系统进行操纵管理
The profession of or the work performed by an engineer.
工程师职业：工程师所做的活动或业务
Skillful maneuvering or direction:
熟练的操作或指导：
geopolitical engineering; social engineering.
地理政治操作法；社会运作法
engineering
[7endVi5niEriN]
n.
工程, 工程学
设计, 工程[工艺]技术, 制造工艺, 技术设备
操纵, 管理
engineering college
工学院 E-Corps 工兵部队
engineering instructions
技术说明书
engineering report
技术报告
engineering (servicing) time
预检(维修)时间
engineering-oriented
adj.
从事工程的, 与工程有关的
aerospace engineering
航空和航天工程
airport engineering
航空站工程学
audio engineering
声频工程, 声频技术
biochemical engineering
生化工程
biological engineering
生物工程
cell engineering
细胞工程(学)
chromosome engineering
染色体工程(学)
coastal engineering
海岸工程学
constructional engineering
建筑工程, 结构工程
earthquake engineering
地震工程
electrical engineering
电工技术, 电气工程, 电机工程
field engineering
外部工程; 安装工程
gene engineering
基因工程
genetic engineering
遗传工程
harbor engineering
海港工程学
heat engineering
热工学
heavy engineering
重型机器制造业
human engineering
运行工程学(研制机器时, 考虑操作员的能力、限制、习惯等因素的科学), 人事管理学, 人体工程学
hydraulic engineering
水利工程(学)
industrial engineering
工业工程, 工业管理学
jewish engineering
商业经营学讲义
job engineering
作业工程
knowledge engineering
知识工程
language engineering
语言工程学
light current engineering
弱电工程(学)
maintenance engineering
保养工程(学)
management systems engineering
经营管理系统工程
marine traffic engineering
水运工程
mechanical engineering
机械工程
metallurgical engineering
冶金工程
methods engineering
方法工程(学)
microwave engineering
微波工程(学)
mineral engineering
采矿工程
molecular engineering
分子工程
municipal engineering
市政工程(学)
naval engineering
海军工程(学)
nuclear engineering
核技术,核工程
ocean engineering
海洋工程
offshore engineering
离岸工程
openings and development engineering
井巷工程
plant engineering
设备安装使用工程, 设备运转技术
plasma engineering
等离子工程
plasmid engineering
质粒工程
process engineering
工艺学
process control engineering
程序控制工程
production engineering
工艺设计, 生产过程组织技术
protein engineering
蛋白质工程
quarry engineering
采石工程
radiation chemical engineering
辐射化学工程
radio-frequency engineering
射频无线电工程
railroad engineering
铁路工程学
reaction engineering
反应工程学
relay engineering
继电器学
river engineering
河川工程学
river-and-harbour engineering
河海工程
signal engineering
信号工程
sinking and driving engineering
井巷工程
software engineering
软件工程
subminiature engineering
超小型工程
systematic engineering
系统工程
television engineering
电视学, 电视工程(学)
thermonuclear chemical engineering
热核化学工程
timber engineering
木材工程
transportation engineering
运输工程(学)
ultrasonic engineering
超声工程
underwater engineering
水下工程
value engineering
工程经济学, 价值工程
water-supply engineering
给水工程学
weak current engineering
弱电工程
wind power engineering
风力工程(学)
engineering
en.gi.neer.ing
AHD:[?n”j…-n?r“?ng]
D.J.[7end/*6n!*r!0]
K.K.[7Wnd/*6n!r!0]
n.Abbr. e.,E.,eng.
The application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes, and systems.
The profession of or the work performed by an engineer.
Skillful maneuvering or direction:
geopolitical engineering; social engineering.
engineering
engineer+ -ing 名词后缀
2,project
[5prCdVekt]
n.
计划, 方案, 事业, 企业, 工程
v.
设计, 计划, 投射, 放映, 射出, 发射(导弹等), 凸出
project
proj.ect
AHD:[pr?j“?kt”, -?kt]
D.J.[6prKd97ekt, -!kt]
K.K.[6pr$d97Wkt, -!kt]
n.（名词）
A plan or proposal; a scheme.See Synonyms at plan
计划，方案：计划或提议；方案参见 plan
An undertaking requiring concerted effort:
工程：需要一致协调努力的任务：
a community cleanup project; a government-funded irrigation project.
社区清洁计划；由政府出资的灌溉工程
An extensive task undertaken by a student or group of students to apply, illustrate, or supplement classroom lessons.
研究计划：一个学生或一组学生执行以使用、阐明或补遗课堂作业的大量任务
A housing project.
住宅区
v.（动词）
project
pro.ject.ed,pro.ject.ing,pro.jects[pr…-j?kt“]
v.tr.（及物动词）
To thrust outward or forward:
使突出：向外或向前突出：
project one's jaw in defiance.
伸出下颌以示轻蔑
To throw forward; hurl:
投掷：向前投掷；扔：
project an arrow.
投出一支箭
To send out into space; cast:
映射：散射到大气中去；投出：
project a light beam.
投射一束光线
To cause (an image) to appear on a surface:
投映：使（一个影子）出现在一个表面上：
projected the slide onto a screen.
把幻灯片投映到屏幕上
Mathematics To produce (a projection).
数学 制作（投影线）
To direct (one's voice) so as to be heard clearly at a distance.
控制嗓音：控制（某人的声音）以便在远处能被清楚地听见
Psychology To externalize and attribute (an emotion, for example) to someone or something else.
心理学 把感情投射于…：显露并将（比如感情）归因于某人或其他事
To convey an impression of to an audience or to others:
传达：向观众或其他人传递对…的印象：
a posture that projects defeat; projected a positive corporate image.
表达胜利的姿势；传达公司正面的形象
To form a plan or an intention for:
计划：为…形成一个计划或一种意向：
project a new business enterprise.
筹划新企业
To calculate, estimate, or predict (something in the future), based on present data or trends:
预计：基于当前的资料或趋势（对未来的某事）的计算、估计或预测：
projecting next year's expenses and income.
预计明年的费用和收入
v.intr.（不及物动词）
To extend forward or out; jut out:
突出：向前或向外伸出；突出：
beams that project beyond the eaves.See Synonyms at bulge
伸出屋檐的梁参见 bulge
To direct one's voice so as to be heard clearly at a distance.
提聚声音：控制自己的嗓音以便从远处能被清楚地听到
Middle English projecte
中古英语 projecte
from Latin pr?m [projecting structure] [from neuter past participle of] pr?icere [to throw out]
源自 拉丁语 pr?m [突出结构] [] 源自pr?icere的中性过去分词 [扔出]
pr?- [forth] * see pro- 1
pr?- [向前的] *参见 pro-1
iacere [to throw] * see y?-
iacere [扔] *参见 y?-
project“able
adj.（形容词）
project
[5prCdVekt]
n.
方案, 计划, 规划, 设计
工程, 企业, 事业
科研项目; 课外自修项目
carry out a new project
实行一项新计划
irrigation project
灌溉工程
project
[5prCdVekt]
vt.
[prE5dVekt]
计划, 规划, 筹划
投掷, 抛出; 发射
投影, 上映
使突出, 使凸出
预言, 预测, 预想
表明...的特点, 生动地表演
数作...投影图, 把...画成一投影状
心理使(思想感情)形象化, 具体化
化投入(into, on)
project a new dam
规划新的堤坝
project a film on the screen
把影片映在银幕上
project one's country overseas
向海外介绍自已的国家
He projected the weather for the coming week.
他预测下个星期的天气。
project
[5prCdVekt]
vi.
伸出, 突出
设想自已处身于(into)
Nails that project from the wall may tear your clothes.
墙上伸出的钉子会划破你的衣服。
The upper storey projects over the street.
二楼伸出街面。
projectable
adj.
projecting
[prEJ`dVektIN]
adj.
突出的, 凹出的
projectual
[prEJ`dVektFJEl]
n.
投射[影]教材(如教学用的幻灯片等)
advanced project
尖端研究计划
已提出的计划
远景规划
project oneself
突出自己, 表现自己
设想自己处身于(into)
projectsth. onto sb.
设想某人怀有和自己 一样的想法(或感情); 以己之心度人之腹
advanced project
尖端研究计划
已提出的计划
远景规划
project oneself
突出自己, 表现自己
设想自己处身于(into)
projectsth. onto sb.
设想某人怀有和自己 一样的想法(或感情); 以己之心度人之腹
action projects
行动计划
advanced project
先进(研究)计划, 尖端(研究)计划, 高级计划; 已经提出的计划; 远景计划
agricultural projects
农业规划
aptitude project
发展能力设计
automatic block project
自动闭塞计划[设计]
bankable project
可由银行担保的项目
capital project
投资方案[计划]
capital intensive project
资本密集项目
centralized traffic control project
调度集中计划[设计]
chemical project
化工项目
smoke project
发烟弹
action projects
行动计划
advanced project
先进(研究)计划, 尖端(研究)计划, 高级计划; 已经提出的计划; 远景计划
agricultural projects
农业规划
aptitude project
发展能力设计
automatic block project
自动闭塞计划[设计]
bankable project
可由银行担保的项目
capital project
投资方案[计划]
capital intensive project
资本密集项目
centralized traffic control project
调度集中计划[设计]
chemical project
化工项目
Citizenship Education P-
公民教育方案
community development project
社会开发计划
co-publishing project
联合[合作]出版计划
crash project
应急计划
curriculum project
课程设计
Delta P-
[瑞典]德尔塔(培训在职教师的)计划
demonstration project
示范项目
development project
发展项目
diploma project
毕业设计
economic project
经济规划
economically unsound project
经济上不合算的项目
educational research project
教育研究计划[项目]
engineering project
工程(项目)
environmental project
环境规划
financial project
财政计划
flood retarding project
拦河[防洪]工程
follow-on project
已完成的工程
generating project
发电机器
going project
进行中 项目
graduation project
毕业设计
higher horizons project
[美]高水平计划(补充教育计划)
horizontal project
水平投影
housing project
住房建造计划
hydroelectric project
水电站项目
hydropower project
水电站项目; 在建的水电站
incompleted project
未完工程
independent educational project
独立学科
industrial project
在建的工业项目; 工业项目施工设计
integrated project
综合[计划]项目
interlocking project
联锁计划[设计]
investment project
投资方案[计划]
investment-oriented project
以投资为目标的项目
irrigation projects
农田水利规划, 灌溉设计
joint project
联合规划, 合作计划
labo(u)r-intensive projects
劳力密集型项目
land settlement project
土地垦殖计划
large scale social overhead capital projects
大规模社会间接资本计划
link project
联接计划(把各国的经济计量模式联结起来, 表现各国经济通过外贸所受的影响)
livestock development project
牲畜发展项目
long-term project
长期计划[方案]
long-term investment projects
长期投资项目
maintenance project
保养[维修]计划
major project
重点工程(项目)
manufacturing projects
产制方案
multidiscipli-nary long-term project
多科性长期项目
multiple-purpose project
综合利用工程
mutually exclusive projects
互斥项目
on-going project
进行中的项目
operational project
业务项目, 实施中的项目
pilot project
试验[试办]项目
pilot demonstration project
示范性试验项目
planned project
规划项目
population project
人口规划
power project
发电站项目; 在建发电站
preliminary project
初步设计[计划]
prototype project
原型设计
publishing project
出版计划
research project
研究计划[项目]
research and development project
研究与发展计划[方案]
resignal(l)ing project
重建[修改]信号计划
rural development project
农村发展项目
School Mathematics P-
[英]普通数学课程设计
shortrange project
短期进修计划
short-term project
短期方案[计划]
signaling project
信号设计[计划]
specific project
特定项目
specified project
按技术规范编制的计算或设计
split project
分裂式发射器
subsidized research project
接受津贴(资助)的研究规划
turn-key project
“交钥匙”工程项目, 成套包建项目
uprating project
提高出力的设计
variant projects of location
(铁路)选线方案
water conservancy project
水利工程
work project
工程计划图
World Fertility Survey P-
世界生育调查计划
Projects to Advance Creativity in Education
促进教育创造性的设计
作...投影图 把...画成一投影状 ⑧心理使(思想感情)形象化 具体化 ⑨化投入(into on)
project a new dam 规划新的堤坝 project a film on the screen 把影片映在银幕上 project one's country overseas 向海外介绍自已的国家 He projected the weather for the coming week. 他预测下个星期的天气。
vi.
①伸出, 突出 ②设想自已处身于(into)
Nails that project from the wall may tear your clothes.
墙上伸出的钉子会划破你的衣服。
The upper storey projects over the street.
二楼伸出街面。
projectable
adj.
projecting
[prEJ`dVektIN]
adj.
突出的, 凹出的
projectual
[prEJ`dVektFJEl]
n.
投射[影]教材(如教学用的幻灯片等)
project
proj.ect
AHD:[pr?j“?kt”, -?kt]
D.J.[6prKd/7ekt, -!kt]
K.K.[6pr$d/7Wkt, -!kt]
n.
A plan or proposal; a scheme.See Synonyms at plan
An undertaking requiring concerted effort:
a community cleanup project; a government-funded irrigation project.
An extensive task undertaken by a student or group of students to apply, illustrate, or supplement classroom lessons.
A housing project.
v.
project
pro.ject.ed,pro.ject.ing,pro.jects[pr…-j?kt“]
v.tr.
To thrust outward or forward:
project one's jaw in defiance.
To throw forward; hurl:
project an arrow.
To send out into space; cast:
project a light beam.
To cause (an image) to appear on a surface:
projected the slide onto a screen.
Mathematics To produce (a projection).
To direct (one's voice) so as to be heard clearly at a distance.
Psychology To externalize and attribute (an emotion, for example) to someone or something else.
To convey an impression of to an audience or to others:
a posture that projects defeat; projected a positive corporate image.
To form a plan or an intention for:
project a new business enterprise.
To calculate, estimate, or predict (something in the future), based on present data or trends:
projecting next year's expenses and income.
v.intr.
To extend forward or out; jut out:
beams that project beyond the eaves.See Synonyms at bulge
To direct one's voice so as to be heard clearly at a distance.
Middle English projecte
from Latin pr?m [projecting structure] [from neuter past participle of] pr?icere [to throw out]
pr?- [forth] * see pro- 1
iacere [to throw] * see y?-
project“able
adj.
project
来自拉丁词projicere〈pro-在…前+jacere抛→过去分词projectus
project
bulgedesignenterpriseintentionplanplotproposalprotrudeschemescreenshowstick outundertakingventure
好了，今天关于“pilot project”的话题就讲到这里了。希望大家能够通过我的介绍对“pilot project”有更全面、深入的认识，并且能够在今后的实践中更好地运用所学知识。
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